Organizations in consortia have different interests, practices and principles which contribute to boundaries, or conditions that hinder the spread of innovation. 
Non-experimental study
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Partners in countries with different political landscapes will have different support models and different societal expectations of how to manage products of collaborations.
From comparison of two case studies. 
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In a potential research or technology transfer partnership, both parties must agree to share. 
Non-experimental study
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The pressure to adequately share and protect knowledge creates emotional intensity within individuals. 
Non-experimental study
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Goals for a productive knowledge sharing relationship may be in conflict with protecting one’s home organization needs, requiring participants to simultaneously share and protect knowledge.
Non-experimental study
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Cybersecurity is a challenge and a priority for protecting research and intellectual property as well as guarding individuals’ personal information.
Non-experimental study
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Private sector values like profitability are in direct conflict with some public institutions values like openness. 
Non-experimental study
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Private companies seldom disclose their development practices to protect intellectual property. 
Case study findings
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Some employees resist encouragement from human resources to share knowledge across inter-departmental boundaries.
Postmarket questionnaire results
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Mutual trust for trusts sake cannot be established without effort and time. The conditions necessary for information sharing must be built incrementally. The phases of trust between agencies are economy-based, information-based (behaviors are reasonably predictable), and lastly identification based trust. 
Survey findings
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Novel management changes in lieu of legal intellectual property protections are correlated with fewer patents. Techniques like strategy re-alignment and changing organizational structure are not recommended as means to increase patenting.
Questionnaire findings
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Fear of unintended knowledge spillovers motivates firms to guard all aspects of a discovery and patent protectively. 
Questionnaire findings
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Factors that may negatively influence the likelihood that an academic/researcher will patent their work include, reliance on internal university funding (as opposed to private funding), and a research focus in the fields of physics, earth sciences, mathematics and statistics (as opposed to life sciences) — based upon an examination of six fields, physics, mathematics and statistics, chemistry, computer science, earth sciences, and life sciences.
How academics manage their portfolio of knowledge transfer activities.
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Interpersonal dynamics like trust, identity, status, special distance and management structures influence participation in collaborations.
Non-experimental study
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Personal meetings, sometimes more than one, may be necessary to address researchers who feel threatened by collaborative initiatives. 
Non-experimental study
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Public institutions like universities can serve as a boundary-crossing bridge among private companies who wish to collaborate. 
Non-experimental study
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The relative sensitivity of information changes over time as context shifts. 
Non-experimental study
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Segmenting knowledge into compartments and removing details makes application less apparent, and that helps protect valuable information from inadvertently being shared to a competitive disadvantage. 
Non-experimental study
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Sharing knowledge among researchers and practitioners offers many benefits: producing knew knowledge, facilitating skills development, increasing collaboration, improving problem solving and sustaining competitive advantage.
Survey findings
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Mutual trust for trusts sake cannot be established without effort and time. The conditions necessary for information sharing must be built incrementally. The phases of trust between agencies are economy-based, information-based (behaviors are reasonably predictable), and lastly identification based trust. 
Survey findings
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Firms accustomed to patent protection are less fearful of sharing relationships and more likely to engage in partnerships.
Questionnaire analysis
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Factors that may positively influence the likelihood that an academic/researcher will patent their work include, a rise in the experience, reliance on private funding (as opposed to internal university funding), increased novelty of their research (significant changes in materials or production techniques), increased network assets, greater size of their research unit, and when they are affiliated with large research universities (rather than small and medium ones) — based upon an examination of six fields, physics, mathematics and statistics, chemistry, computer science, earth sciences, and life sciences.
How academics manage their portfolio of knowledge transfer activities.
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Milestone checkpoints must address not only major technical and commercial milestones, but legal and intellectual property issues as well.
Conclusions drawn from case studies and experience.
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Transactional governance signified by legally binding terms is more prudent for short term projects than relational governance, which requires time to produce trust-based working relationships.
Survey findings 
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Alliances involving technology acquisition must ensure they have a sound business case where the purpose of the alliance is clearly defined and any Intellectual Property (IP) issues are carefully described and discussed. IP issues are particularly important when the acquired know-how needs to be customized to the NPD context. This may create co-invention scenarios where claims and ownership can become issues.
Literature review, author's industry experience with case study.
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Close collaboration with suppliers and customers may put ownership of intellectual property at risk. Ensure that all IP issues are identified and resolved internally, with proper protections in place, before disclosing proprietary information to external partners. Execute agreements with these partners that explicitly state ownership of the IP.
Conclusions drawn from case studies and experience.
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One of the policies or practices a university should consider when embarking on the establishment of a spin-off company with industry to effect knowledge/technology transfer is to clarify intellectual property ownership and distribution of profits.
Literature review.
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One of the policies or practices a university should consider when embarking on the establishment of a spin-off company with industry to effect knowledge/technology transfer is to clearly establish criteria regarding responsibilities associated with spin-off losses or debt.
Literature review.
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One of the policies or practices a university should consider when embarking on the establishment of a spin-off company with industry to effect knowledge/technology transfer is to ensure that academic and administrative staff involvement will not violate contract or regulatory law.
Literature review.
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One of the policies or practices a university should consider when embarking on the establishment of a spin-off company with industry to effect knowledge/technology transfer is to ensure that the university receives a free and perpetual license to use products or services developed by the spin-off.
Literature review.
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One of the policies or practices a university should consider when embarking on the establishment of a spin-off company with industry to effect knowledge/technology transfer is to ensure the university’s involvement does not represent any conflict-of-interest with its mission or mandate, or any violation of non-competition regulations.
Literature review.
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One of the policies or practices a university should consider when embarking on the establishment of a spin-off company with industry to effect knowledge/technology transfer is to require participation of the university in the valuation of the spin-off.
Literature review.
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One of the policies or practices a university should consider when embarking on the establishment of a spin-off company with industry to effect knowledge/technology transfer is to set clear and legally-binding criteria that regulate the use of university logos and trademarks.
Literature review.
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